Wound
In simple terms wound is break in the continuity of tissue caused by any trauma or injury. There are many types of wounds like; puncture wound, abrasions, lacerated etc.
Healing
Healings is the response of body to the trauma or injury for restoring the damage caused. This healing involves two main processes
Regeneration: In this process the total formation or regeneration of parenchymal cells occurs which results in restoration of the tissue.
Repair:
In this process the scar is usually formed.
Phases of Wound Healing
Inflammatory Phase
It can be broken down into
further
Clot formation:This begins with the contraction
of blood vessels, the permeability of the vessels get increased by which the
exudates rich in proteins enter the site of the wound there by forming a platelet
plug. All the clotting mechanisms get activated. All these events stabilize
hemostasis and the process of wound
decontamination gets started by which coagulum gets formed.
Early
inflammation: In this process there is production of
special bodies called polumorphonuclear
neutrophils (PMNs), these increase in count at about 24 to 48 hours of
injury and they help in stabilizing the clot. PMNs help in wound decontamination
by phagocytosis.
Late
inflammation: This step is characterized by the
presence of macrophages; these decontaminate the wound by phagocytosis
and digestion of tissue debris.
Poliferatory phase
In this phase fibroblasts migrate in the wound and release collagen type III, this process of angiogenesis continues for about 3 weeks and wound strengthens in this phase.
This phase is characterized by
the formation of granulation tissue and endothelial cells.
Granulation
tissue: It is a fragile structure which is composed
of an extracellular matrix of fibrin, fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans,
proliferating endothelial cells, new
capillaries, and fibroblasts mixed with inflammatory macrophages and
lymphocytes. Epithelial
cells are more active during this phase and are responsible for initial
wound closure.
Endothelial cells:
There occurs the formation of new blood vessels at
the site where injury has occurred; these blood vessels are leaky which gives
edematous appearance to new granulation tissue.
Maturation phase
It is the final phase which starts from 3rd week and continues to 12 months approximately. The tensile strength increases up to 80% of normal tissue. The conversion of granulation tissue to fibrous connective tissue. Maturation of the epithelial layer is followed by formation of the epithelial seal.
Hard tissue healing
The inflammatory and proliferative phases are similar to those for soft tissue. The maturation phase differs markedly from that for soft tissues because of the tissue involved. A major difference lies in role of Osteoclast that is basic organizational unit to clear necrotic bone.
Conclusion
Understanding of wound healing is as important as knowing the pathogenesis of disease, because satisfactory wound healing is the ultimate goal of treatment. If we are able to understand the mechanism of periapical wound healing, we can design treatment approaches that maximize favorable conditions for wound healing to occur.
References
1. Indu Khurana and Arushi. Anatomy
and Physiology for nurses and Allied Health Sciences, CBS Publication, New
Delhi, India 84-85.
2. Joyee M Black and Jane Hokanson
Hawks. Medical Surgical Nursing 7th Edn (2009) Saunders, USA 1: 395-415.
3. SN Nanjunde Gowda. Foundations of
Nursing (2010) Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India 494- 498.
*Corresponding author
Mushtaq B, P.G. psychiatry Nursing scholars, SKIMS Nursing College, Srinagar, India, Tel: +91-7006908561, E-mail: bushra.mushtaq77@gmail.com
Citation
Mushtaq B. Wound Healing (2018) Nursing Health Care 3: 41
Keywords
Wound, Healing