Introduction

Eugenia jambolana (family Myrtaceae) has venerable curative properties for treatment of various disease. It is one of the broadly utilized therapeutic plants all through the world for the treatment of the numerous infections mainly diabetes mellitus. The characteristic parts of E. jambolana plant included leaves, seed, stem and fruit have excessive remedial worth [1].

E. jambolana habitually grows in the rain forest [2]. It is most frequently cultivated in Indian subcontinent, and also in many others adjoins regions of South Asia such as India, Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines and Africa [1]. In 1911 it was introduce in Florida, United State. And also found in, Australia, and New Caledonia, Malagasy and southwestern region of the Pacific Islands, Hawaii and New Zealand [3].

It grips countless beneficial compounds that divulge numerous health benefits. A number of primary and secondary phytochemical bioactive compounds like phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and steroids, which are valuable for spawning drugs for action  numeral of illness covering with diabetes [1].

They give away various pharma-logical actions such as diabetes mellitus, stomach disorders, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-HIV, antifungal, antidiarrheal and antifertility [4]. Eugenia jambolana is highly rich in compounds covering alkaloid and glycoside is an effective for diabetes controlling and healing stomach disorders or inflammation bronchitis dysentery and controlling blood pressure.

The biochemical formation and antioxidant action of E. jambolana fruits have intended that tannins take out from E. jambolana fruit appear as better DPPH radical scavenging activity [5,6]. E. jambolana comprehends substances that have capability to keeps against oxidation damage and lessen swelling. E. jambolana plays vital role in liver protection, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and antioxidant [7].

Research Aim

The aim of this research was to carry out detailed qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies and antioxidant activities of the leaf, stem and seed of E. jambolana using ethanolic and aqueous extracts.

Materials and Methods

Collection of Plant Material

The  natural and aseptic plant parts  Leaf, Stems and Seeds  of Eugenia  jambolana were  collected carefully  in November 18,  2016  from  Lahore,  Pakistan. The plant materials leaf, stems and seeds were properly cleaned and kept in room temperature.

Preparation of Extracts

Table 1: Six collected crude extracts.

Table 2: Ethanolic Fractions extracts.

Qualitative phytochemical analysis

Qualitative phytochemical analysis was investigated by biochemical testing with the extracts of leaf, stem and seeds of Eugenia jambolana to detect the presence or absence of numerous primary and   secondary metabolites with the help of standard protocols [8-11].

Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis

Quantitative phytochemical screening done by spectrophotometer method of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E.  jambolana  to  measure  the  total  flavonoids,  total  alkaloids,  total carbohydrate, total steroid, total phenol, total tannins and total carotenoids with the help of standard protocols [9].

DPPH scavenging antioxidant assay

1ml of ethanolic and water extract of each sample was taken and 1ml of DPPH was pipetted in all the samples very carefully. The reaction mixture was kept in dark for 24h. After incubation period, absorbance was measured at 517nm. Standard curve was drawn by taking ascorbic acid as standard.

Result

Qualitative phytochemical analysis

To check the qualitative phytochemical analysis of E. jambolana leaves, stem and seeds having the solvent water and ethanol. Current study showed the presence of primary and secondary phytoconstituents in ethanol and water extracts of E. jambolana. Some of the active ingredients present in each plant part under different extraction method were carbohydrate, saponins (Table 3).

Quantitative phytochemical analysis

Current study exposed that ethanolic leave and seed extracts contain highest quantity of bioactive compounds as compared to water solvent system as shown in Table 4. These bioactive compounds have great medicinal importance as it attributed high anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-HIV, and anti-fungal (Table 4) (Figures 1-6).

Figure 1: Quantification of Phenol.

Figure 2: Quantification of Tannins.

Figure 3: Quantification of Alkaloids.

Figure 4: Quantification of Flavonoids.

Figure 5: Quantification of Steroids.

Figure 6: Quantification of Carotenoids.

Table 3: Qualitative phytochemical constituents of Eugenia jambolana leaves, stems and seeds extracts in the water and ethanol solvent system.

Table 4: Phytochemical characterization of Eugenia jambolana.

Result of Antioxidant activity

DPPH radical scavenging activity assay make known the significant antioxidant activity of Eugenia jambolana ethanolic seed and leaves extract than other extracts as shown in Table 5 and Figure 7.

Table 5: DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Eugenia jambolana (%).

Figure 7: DPPH scavenging activity of Eugenia jambolana in ethanol and water solvent.

Discussion

Qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds of Eugenia jambolana in methanolic extract and reveals the presence of amino acid, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Recent results indicates that some phytochemicals components are present in both solvents, some presents only in ethanolic solvent and others are present in water solvent system [11]. A higher content of both total phenolics and flavonoids were found in the methanolic extract compared with other extracts [9].  Our current study of spectrophotometric analysis to quantified phytochemicals revealed that phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids and steroids present in high amount in ethanol extracts as comparison with water extracts.

Antioxidant activity of all extracts of Eugenia jambolana were examined by using two methods, namely DPPH and FRAP. In both methods, the methanol extract exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than methylene chloride and essential oil extracts [9]. Our present results demonstrate that ethanolic extracts contained maximum antioxidant activity than water extracts. The series of distribution of antioxidant activity was ethanolic  seed  extract>ethanolic  leave  extract>ethanolic  stem extract>water  stem extract>water leave extract>water seed extract.

Conclusion

The purpose of present research work was to determine the phyto-constituents present in different parts of Eugenia jambolana  qualitatively and quantitatively phytochemical screening, and to investigate the antioxidant activity E. jambolana leaves, seeds and stem in ethanolic extracts exhibits great amount of primary  and  secondary  metabolites  than  the  extracts  of  water  solvent  system. Quantification results of ethanolic and water extracts presented that it contains secondary metabolites while ethanolic leaves and seed contains maximum secondary phyto-constituents. Quantified result moreover demonstrated that some bioactive components are also extant in extracts of Eugenia jambolana in average amount but they were not identified by qualitative phytochemical screening. Eugenia jambolana shows noticeable antioxidant activity in ethanolic solvent system as compared to water solvent system while ethanolic seeds and leaves keeps high antioxidant activity because it contains rich amount of phytochemicals.

References

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Corresponding author:

Nureen Zahra, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Pakistan, Tel: +92 (0)42 111-865-865, E-mail: nureenzahra@ymail.com

Citation:

Zahra N, Nadir M, Malik A, Shaukat A, Parveen A, et al. In Vitro phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of jamun (Eugenia jambolana Linn) plants parts collected from Lahore, Pakistan (2019) Biochem Modern Appli 2: 20-23

Received: Oct 10, 2018