Commentary :
Mayara
Santana dos Santos, Otávio Augusto Leitão dos Santos, Sérgio Antunes Filho, Julia Corrêa dos Santos Santana, Felipe Motta de Souza and Bianca Pizzorno Backx* In recent years, the search for
inexpensive and eco-friendly synthesis routes has increased significantly.
Nanotechnology and biotechnology have established themselves as a major ally in
building green technologies for effective, stable, and non-toxic nanomaterial
synthesis. [1-3]. Thus, the principles of green bio
nanotechnology are associated with waste prevention,
maximizing atom economy, and less use of precursors with less hazardous
synthesis routes and the use of safe chemicals with low toxicity.
Reaction conditions are also advantageous due to safe methodologies and increased
energy efficiency. The association of these
principles with the use of renewable raw materials that avoid chemical
derivation, such as the plant environment, is preferable because it does not
generate harmful by-products to the environment or the health of living beings.
Besides, the system activation energy decreases with catalysts rather than stoichiometric
reagents [4,5]. For green synthesis, a substance
or set of substances produced by nature must be able to form, through a
physicochemical process, molecular entities of compositions, morphologies,
sizes, and surface charges synergistically linked to the dispersive medium
compounds and elementarily of the precursor material used for the process [6]. Given this, the set of substances
that will be used in the process of formation of nanomaterials
will define the efficiency of the synthesis process, its stabilization, and possible
technical-scientific applications. Therefore, seasonality is intrinsic to the
green synthesis of nanomaterials by setting variations concerning the molecular
concentrations present in the same extractive route throughout the year. Green synthesis has excellent
value in nanotechnology. One example is the synthesis of metal
nanoparticles using surface reducing and Stabilizing
agents generated from natural sources such as fruits, fruit peel, seeds, leaves,
root or other non-toxic sources [7-11]. The stabilizing agents, in this case,
are biological substances such as phenolic compounds that favor the green
synthesis route [12]. The properties of
nanoparticles will depend mainly on size and morphology, so controlling the
parameters of the routes is very important. The nanoparticle nucleation begins
with a spherical shape. From a critical radius, the morphology will depend
intrinsically on the feature of the dispersive medium, mainly due to the
supramolecular interaction of the molecules of dispersive medium with the
crystalline planes of metallic nanoparticles. If it is the same for all planes, the tendency
is for nanoparticles to remain spherical. If different, nanoparticle shapes may
vary with preferential growth in planes where affinity is lower with the medium
[13]. In general, the molecules present in the dispersive medium will also
influence the kinetics of chemical reactions, depending on the concentration
and chemical nature. The higher the concentration of bioactive molecules in a
dispersive medium, the smaller the particle growth [14]. Thus, organic growth
conditions, seasonality, and extraction methods can influence the
concentrations of antioxidant
chemical species and generate nanostructures with
varied characteristics directly related to bioavailable molecules in the green
synthesis route of nanoparticles [15,16]. In state-of-the-art,
Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles that have different properties and
applications when compared to their micro or macro (bulk) scale. These peculiar
quantum phenomena usually occur in 0D nanomaterials when their size is less
than 100 nanometers [17]. The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles occurs
through the reduction of an ion to the fundamental state atom through its
interaction with the dispersive medium. The biosynthesis begins a process of
growth and nucleation, where the atoms unite forming nanoparticles.
Stabilization of growth and preventing agglomeration of other nucleating
particles is the responsibility of the dispersive medium [18]. Finally, a
colloidal matrix is established in which the extractive medium inserts its
physicochemical characteristics and active principles around the nanoparticles,
modulating their reactivity, morphology, size and surface charge. Therefore,
the control of the concentration and molecules are present in the dispersive
medium is essential to obtain protocols
that overcome seasonality. Green synthesis can use as a dispersive medium plant
extract, microorganism
cultures (or only their products), and animal
products as alternative routes to traditional methods that, in synergy with
nanoparticles, allow a wide diversity of bionanotechnological applications [19-21]. Environmental pollution can also
interfere with plant biology. Thus, the action of atmospheric pollutants is
more severe in the leaves, with a high degree of leaf injury related to the
resistance of the plant to contaminants [22]. Plants exposed to acid rain, for
example, have the youngest Trifolium near the apex with rough morphology. The
shortening of the internodes is observed, and the ribs of the older leaves are
reddish. These symptoms may have been the result of mesophilic cell hyperplasia
or hypertrophy
[23, 24]. There is also early leaf fall, as described in the literature, as a
typical compensation mechanism in plants exposed to sulfur dioxide, a substance
present in acid rain [24]. There is also a decrease in the number of glandular
trichomes. This event influences the production of the main antioxidant
compounds associated with green nanoparticle synthesis. It is important to
emphasize that studies are needed regarding the possible impacts of pesticides
used in commercial plantations that may also affect the plant to influence the
efficiency of the synthesis route of nanoparticles. Thus, the plant tends to
increase the concentration of defense substances against reactive species
harmful to their tissues, such as some phenolic compounds, when exposed to
stress [25]. During plant formation, plants
develop various chemical species and cellular structures, as well as peculiar
organs such as roots, flowers, fruits, leaves, among others. Thus, several
factors influence the formation of these organs, since the availability of water,
sunlight, soil microorganisms
as well as specific temperatures determine the development, death or
inactivation of fundamental structures for plant growth and survival given that
plants always seek to adapt to energetically favorable conditions [26-28]. Leaves are the most bioavailable
structures present in a plant, and several structural and metabolic
chemical species make up the biology of this
plant organ. Then, the abundant presence of polymers that have strong in nature
intra, inter, and supramolecular interactions such as lignin and cellulose
preserve the properties of the leaves. Then extractions occur in a more standardized
and controlled manner in the face of seasonality and climate adversity. As an
example, the leaves of Psidium guajava
Linn. (Guava tree) have high concentrations of lignin-cellulosic structures
that preserve extractive patterns throughout the year [29,30]. As with guava
leaves, the use of an extract from Morus nigra L leaves (blackberry) leads to
successful synthesis routes for nanoparticle formation. However, over a period,
which coincides with winter, nanoparticle synthesis is not efficient, and this
fact may be associated with seasonal characteristics because, during this
period, there is a reduction in leaf size and morphological changes in
themselves [31]. Moreover, during the synthesis of
the extract, the variation in coloration from intense golden yellow to light
yellow is observed. This observation suggests that basal molecules for the
formation and stabilization of nanoparticles are being affected due to
seasonality. Additionally, regarding the seasonality of the fruit of the genus Euterpe Oleracea (açaí), it is possible
to mention the differences presented between the fruits in the green ripening
stage and the ripe fruit, where, according to several studies, there is a
discrepancy in the measured values of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins for
these fruits [32-34]. In our recent studies, it can be
possible to observe that there is an essential difference between the ripe and
immature fruit, principally about the intensity of surface plasmon resonance.
This date expresses the efficiency of synthesis associated with the efficiency
dispersive medium associated with the dispersion of nanoparticles. In the
literature, there is an association of phenolic compounds in fruits at
different stages of ripeness, and it can be possible to observe that the
content of the major phenolic constituents decreases from green to mature
stages. In general, it can be possible to observe that in mature to senescent
fruit stages, there is an increase of antioxidant
compounds, but in some cases, the opposite
occurs, i.e., the decrease of phenolic compounds. Thus, it is possible to
observe that mainly phenolic and flavonoid acids are correlated with ripening
stages depending on the fruit so, there is a significant variation in the
concentration of antioxidant compounds that are fundamental for the adjustments
in the green synthesis routes [35,36]. This quantitative difference of
compounds in fruit composition is directly related to the synthesis of Silver
Nanoparticles (AgNPs). In the case of root, one case
studied was related to Beta vulgaris (beetroot), because its plant extract
showed stability in the synthesis of AgNPs throughout the year, showing no
changes associated with seasonality. This invariability can be attributed to
the stability of its secondary metabolites and genetic information in crop
reproduction. It can be possible to found in the literature that beetroot have
karyotype, and the number of chromosomes preserved [37]. Rainier or drier times
of the year, as well as the four seasons, directly influence the maturation of
plant structures; In addition, various environmental and genetic conditions can
alter the range of substances present in plants such as the composition of the
land on which the plant is grown, phylogeny, as well as the biodiversity of the
plant species. [38]. Therefore, seasonal factors such as soil pH, temperature,
humidity, climate, flora, region, as well as the ecosystem in general, may
influence the chemical composition and accumulation of secondary metabolites
present in plant species and, in addition, these seasonal conditions are
related to formations, development, and changes in the basal structures present
in plants [39,40]. Plants have specialized
structures capable of secreting essential oils from the accumulation of
secondary metabolites such as glandular trichomes, which are specialized
structures present in the leaf epidermis capable of secreting substances such
as flavonoids
and phenolic compounds in general [41]. These organic compounds make up the
group of polyphenols that are associated with various antioxidants,
antimicrobial, antiviral, antimutagenic activities, among others [42]. Also,
flavonoids and phenolic compounds may be present in the plant as well as animal
raw materials found in bee products such as propolis. Thus, propolis is a
natural resin produced exclusively by the work done by bees, and, in this
sense, it has been shown in the literature that the biological characteristics
of propolis vary significantly according to the time of year in which it was
collected [43]. Therefore, Figure 1 demonstrates the influence of seasonality on organic materials
of plant and animal origin in the formation of nanoparticles according to a
sustainable bias characteristic of green synthesis. Figure 1:
The representative scheme demonstrates the relationship of molecules with
active principles from plant and animal products such as roots, leaves, fruits,
stems and propolis, in synergy with the influence of environmental factors and
synthesis pathway parameters on the formation of nanoparticles. In this context, seasonality can
significantly change the chemical composition of plant and animal products. Phenolic
compounds such as bacarina were present in high
concentrations of propolis obtained during autumn and winter compared to other
seasons, and the literature demonstrates that seasonality influences the
concentration and activity of antioxidant chemical species that are extremely
important for nanoparticle synthesis [43]. Plants have several chemicals,
morphological, and anatomical mechanisms to adapt to variations that occur
throughout the seasons. The leaves play an essential role in these adaptations
because they can deactivate photosynthesis, altering the chemical composition
of the cell wall and carbohydrates in cells, as well as degrading chlorophyll.
Some plants present different responses to water stress in rainy and dry
seasons, being able to tolerate water loss through mechanisms that occurred
only in the dry season, such as leaf cover by compounds that protect the plant
from an excess of radiation, as well as the accumulation of sugars such as
sucrose, raffinose, and arabinose [44]. It is also important to highlight
that in stressful situations, the plants tend to increase the production of
antioxidant compounds to avoid damage caused by reactive species. These
variations may influence the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, as these
compounds are fundamental in reducing the precursor ion and stabilizing the
colloidal matrix. Then, it is crucial to establish between the natural extracts
and the efficient synthesis routes, with parameters that produce nanoparticles
with smaller cluster formation. Although several studies have been performed
with different extractive routes from different natural origins, it is not
known precisely, which compound or set of compounds would be leading to a
successful green synthesis of nanoparticles for bionanotechnological
applications [45]. Therefore, the question arises:
Can green synthesis of nanoparticles be efficient all year long? It is well
known that some plant components certainly have a favorable relationship to the
green synthesis of nanoparticles, such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins,
flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins. However, even with the wide
variety of composition between the different natural extracts, studies are also
needed regarding the variation of green synthesis efficiency throughout the
year. The relationship between the morph anatomical and phytochemical characteristics
associated with the features of the microenvironment in which the dispersive
medium is extracted, besides the influences of the regions ecosystem, are
aspects of great importance related to the green nanoparticle routes.
Additionally, it is also relevant to note that the variation in metabolites
related to plant organ growth and development directly affects the use of
extracts for biosynthetic pathways due to changes in chemical structures that
occur in synergy with seasonality. Given all that has been
addressed, we are inviting the scientific community to evaluate how green
synthesis has efficiency throughout the year. According to the peculiar
characteristics of natural extracts associated with seasonality, it should be
taken into consideration that physicochemical characterizations should be
performed. From there, the substances responsible for the reduction and
stabilization of metallic nanoparticles produced by green synthesis must have a
repetitive and scientifically stable protocol for the dispersion and
stabilization of these nanostructures, guaranteeing, in fact, Nano
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*Corresponding author:
Bianca Pizzorno Backx, University of Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, NUMPEX-Bio, Campus Duque de Caxias, Brazil, E-mail: biapizzorno@caxias.ufrj.br Citation: Santos DSM, Santos DLAO, Filho AS, Santana SDCJ, de Souza MF et al., Can green synthesis of nanoparticles be efficient all year long? (2019) Nanomaterial Chem Technol 1: 32-36 Nano Materials, Metal Nanoparticles, Green
Synthesis, Protocols, MicroorganismsCan Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles be Efficient all Year Long?
Abstract
Full-Text
Introduction
Green
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle
Biosynthesis
Seasonal
and Botanical Factors Associated with Environmental Pollution
Botanical
and Physicochemical Characteristics associated with Seasonality
Seasonality
and Organic Compounds in Synergy with Green Nanoparticle Synthesis
Final
Considerations
References
Keywords
